abstract：:For many years, the bacterial cells were regarded as tiny vessels lacking internal organization. This view, which stemmed from the scarcity of membrane-bounded organelles, has changed considerably in recent years, mainly due to advancements in imaging capabilities. Consequently, despite the rareness of conventional or...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Govindarajan S,Nevo-Dinur K,Amster-Choder O

更新日期：2012-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The microsporidia are a diverse phylum of obligate intracellular parasites related to the fungi that cause significant and sometimes life-threatening disease in immune-compromised hosts, such as AIDS and organ transplant patients. More recently, their role in causing pathology in immune-competent populations has also ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Ghosh K,Weiss LM

更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Host-adapted strains of Salmonella enterica cause systemic infections and have the ability to persist systemically for long periods of time and pose significant public-health problems. Multidrug-resistant S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) are on the increase and are often associate...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Ruby T,McLaughlin L,Gopinath S,Monack D

更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacteria of the genus Brucella are Gram-negative pathogens of several animal species that cause a zoonotic disease in humans known as brucellosis or Malta fever. Within their hosts, brucellae reside within different cell types where they establish a replicative niche and remain protected from the immune response. The ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： von Bargen K,Gorvel JP,Salcedo SP

更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Repeated sequences are commonly present in the sites for DNA replication initiation in bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic replicons. Those motifs are usually the binding places for replication initiation proteins or replication regulatory factors. In prokaryotic replication origins, the most abundant repeated sequenc...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Rajewska M,Wegrzyn K,Konieczny I

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Most bacteria pathogenic for humans have closely related nonpathogenic counterparts that live as saprophytes, commensals or even symbionts (mutualists) in similar or different habitats. The knowledge of how these bacteria adapt their metabolism to the preferred habitats is critical for our understanding of pathogenesi...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Fuchs TM,Eisenreich W,Heesemann J,Goebel W

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibiotic resistance mechanisms reported in Gram-negative bacteria are causing a worldwide health problem. The continuous dissemination of 'multidrug-resistant' (MDR) bacteria drastically reduces the efficacy of our antibiotic 'arsenal' and consequently increases the frequency of therapeutic failure. In MDR bacteria,...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Nikaido H,Pagès JM

更新日期：2012-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Magnetotactic bacteria (MB) are remarkable organisms with the ability to exploit the earth's magnetic field for navigational purposes. To do this, they build specialized compartments called magnetosomes that consist of a lipid membrane and a crystalline magnetic mineral. These organisms have the potential to serve as ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Komeili A

更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pseudomonas putida is a gram-negative rod-shaped gammaproteobacterium that is found throughout various environments. Members of the species P. putida show a diverse spectrum of metabolic activities, which is indicative of their adaptation to various niches, which includes the ability to live in soils and sediments con...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Wu X,Monchy S,Taghavi S,Zhu W,Ramos J,van der Lelie D

更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lipopeptides constitute a structurally diverse group of metabolites produced by various bacterial and fungal genera. In the past decades, research on lipopeptides has been fueled by their antimicrobial, antitumour, immunosuppressant and surfactant activities. However, the natural functions of lipopeptides in the lifes...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Raaijmakers JM,De Bruijn I,Nybroe O,Ongena M

更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The gram-negative bacterium Proteus mirabilis can exist in either of two cell types, a vegetative cell characterized as a short rod and a highly elongated and hyperflagellated swarmer cell. This differentiation is triggered by growth on solid surfaces and multiple inputs are sensed by the cell to initiate the differen...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Morgenstein RM,Szostek B,Rather PN

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The genus Corynebacterium belongs to the taxonomic class Actinobacteria representing the high G+C branch of gram-positive bacteria. Among the most prominent members of this genus is Corynebacterium glutamicum, which is used by the biotechnological industry for the fermentative production of l-amino acids. Because of i...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Schröder J,Tauch A

更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gram-positive bacteria have developed elaborate mechanisms to control ammonium assimilation, at the levels of both transcription and enzyme activity. In this review, the common and specific mechanisms of nitrogen assimilation and regulation in Gram-positive bacteria are summarized and compared for the genera Bacillus,...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Amon J,Titgemeyer F,Burkovski A

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Conditions that sustain constant bacterial growth are seldom found in nature. Oligotrophic environments and competition among microorganisms force bacteria to be able to adapt quickly to rough and changing situations. A particular lifestyle composed of continuous cycles of growth and starvation is commonly referred to...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Navarro Llorens JM,Tormo A,Martínez-García E

更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In recent years, there has been accumulating evidence that antibiotics, besides their antimicrobial action, potentially have a number of undesired side effects that can, at least in some cases, promote genetic variability of bacteria. In addition to resistant variants, antibiotics have also been shown to select mutato...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Couce A,Blázquez J

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Natural genetic transformation is widely distributed in bacteria. It is a genetically programmed process that is inherent to the species. Transformation requires a specialized membrane-associated machinery for uptake of exogenous double-stranded DNA. It also requires dedicated cytosolic proteins, some of which have be...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Claverys JP,Martin B,Polard P

更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 was first implicated in human disease in the early 1980s, with ruminants cited as the primary reservoirs. Preliminary studies indicated cattle to be the sole source of E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks in humans; however, further epidemiological studies soon demonstrated that E. col...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： La Ragione RM,Best A,Woodward MJ,Wales AD

更新日期：2009-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Antibiotic resistance is one of the few examples of evolution that can be addressed experimentally. The present review analyses this resistance, focusing on the networks that regulate its acquisition and its effect on bacterial physiology. It is widely accepted that antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes play fun...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Martinez JL,Fajardo A,Garmendia L,Hernandez A,Linares JF,Martínez-Solano L,Sánchez MB

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Small cells dominate photosynthetic biomass and primary production in many marine ecosystems. Traditionally, picoplankton refers to cells < or =2 microm. Here we extend the size range of the organisms considered to 3 microm, a threshold often used operationally in field studies. While the prokaryotic component of pico...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Vaulot D,Eikrem W,Viprey M,Moreau H

更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The accurate synthesis of proteins, dictated by the corresponding nucleotide sequence encoded in mRNA, is essential for cell growth and survival. Central to this process are the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs), which provide amino acid substrates for the growing polypeptide chain in the form of aminoacyl-tRNAs. The...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Hausmann CD,Ibba M

更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA microarrays are a powerful and promising approach to gain a detailed understanding of the bacterial response and the molecular cross-talk that can occur as a consequence of host-pathogen interactions. However, published studies mainly describe the host response to infection. Analysis of bacterial gene regulation i...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： La MV,Raoult D,Renesto P

更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Small regulatory RNAs have been identified in a wide range of organisms, where they modify mRNA stability, translation or protein function. Small RNA regulators (sRNAs) either pair with mRNA targets or modify protein activities. Here we discuss current knowledge of the various proteins that interact with RNA regulator...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Pichon C,Felden B

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many fungi produce exocellular beta-glucan-degrading enzymes, the beta-glucanases including the noncellulolytic beta-(1,3)- and beta-(1,6)-glucanases, degrading beta-(1,3)- and beta-(1,6)-glucans. An ability to purify several exocellular beta-glucanases attacking the same linkage type from a single fungus is common, a...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Martin K,McDougall BM,McIlroy S,Chen J,Seviour RJ

更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Meningococcal disease is a serious and rapidly progressing illness. It is therefore very important to monitor changes in the level of antibiotic susceptibility among clinical isolates. Different aspects such as interpretation of laboratory results, determination of breakpoints predicting treatment failure as well as d...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Vázquez JA,Enriquez R,Abad R,Alcalá B,Salcedo C,Arreaza L

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Respiratory syncytial virus is the major respiratory pathogen of infants and children worldwide, with no effective treatment or vaccine available. Steady progress has been made in understanding the respiratory syncytial virus life cycle and the consequences of infection, but many areas of respiratory syncytial virus b...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Ghildyal R,Ho A,Jans DA

更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Heat-shock proteins (hsps) have been identified as molecular chaperones conserved between microbes and man and grouped by their molecular mass and high degree of amino acid homology. This article reviews the major hsps of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, their interactions with trehalose, the effect of fermentation and the r...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Burnie JP,Carter TL,Hodgetts SJ,Matthews RC

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hydrophobins are surface active proteins produced by filamentous fungi. They have a role in fungal growth as structural components and in the interaction of fungi with their environment. They have, for example, been found to be important for aerial growth, and for the attachment of fungi to solid supports. Hydrophobin...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Linder MB,Szilvay GR,Nakari-Setälä T,Penttilä ME

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Purine salvage is an essential function for all obligate parasitic protozoa studied to date and most are also capable of efficient uptake of preformed pyrimidines. Much progress has been made in the identification and characterisation of protozoan purine and pyrimidine transporters. While the genes encoding protozoan ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： de Koning HP,Bridges DJ,Burchmore RJ

更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Plant cell wall consists mainly of the large biopolymers cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and pectin. These biopolymers are degraded by many microorganisms, in particular filamentous fungi, with the aid of extracellular enzymes. Filamentous fungi have a key role in degradation of the most abundant biopolymers found in...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Aro N,Pakula T,Penttilä M

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Research innovations are constantly occurring in universities, research institutions and industrial research laboratories. These are reported in the scientific literature and presented to the scientific community in various congresses and symposia as well as through direct contacts and collaborations. Conversion of th...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Pedersen MB,Iversen SL,Sørensen KI,Johansen E

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Gene conversion is defined as the non-reciprocal transfer of information between homologous sequences. Despite methodological problems to establish non-reciprocity, gene conversion has been demonstrated in a wide variety of bacteria. Besides examples of high-frequency reversion of mutations in repeated genes, gene con...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Santoyo G,Romero D

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Human enteric pathogenic viruses can enter the environment through discharge of waste materials from infected persons, and be transmitted back to susceptible persons to continue the cycle of disease. Contamination of food with viruses may also promote disease outbreaks. A number of studies have investigated the surviv...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Rzezutka A,Cook N

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A high frequency of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genome and antigens in tumor samples of patients with different malignancies is now well documented, although the causative role for HCMV in the development of the neoplasias remains to be established. HCMV infection can modulate multiple cellular regulatory and signall...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Cinatl J Jr,Vogel JU,Kotchetkov R,Wilhelm Doerr H

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Based on structural, biochemical, and genetic data, the soluble diiron monooxygenases can be divided into four groups: the soluble methane monooxygenases, the Amo alkene monooxygenase of Rhodococcus corallinus B-276, the phenol hydroxylases, and the four-component alkene/aromatic monooxygenases. The limited phylogenet...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Leahy JG,Batchelor PJ,Morcomb SM

更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nickel is an essential nutrient for selected microorganisms where it participates in a variety of cellular processes. Many microbes are capable of sensing cellular nickel ion concentrations and taking up this nutrient via nickel-specific permeases or ATP-binding cassette-type transport systems. The metal ion is specif...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Mulrooney SB,Hausinger RP

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cyanobacteria of the genera Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus dominate the prokaryotic component of the picophytoplankton in the oceans. It is still less than 10 years since the discovery of phages that infect marine Synechococcus and the beginning of the characterisation of these phages and assessment of their ecolog...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Mann NH

更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pathogenicity and symbiosis are central to bacteria-host interactions. Although several human pathogens have been subjected to functional genomic analysis, we still understand little about bacteria-invertebrate interactions despite their ecological prevalence. Advances in our knowledge of this area are often hindered ...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： ffrench-Constant R,Waterfield N,Daborn P,Joyce S,Bennett H,Au C,Dowling A,Boundy S,Reynolds S,Clarke D

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Arsenic compounds have been abundant at near toxic levels in the environment since the origin of life. In response, microbes have evolved mechanisms for arsenic resistance and enzymes that oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Formation and degradation of organoarsenicals, for example methylarsenic comp...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Mukhopadhyay R,Rosen BP,Phung LT,Silver S

更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Legionella pneumophila is naturally found in fresh water were the bacteria parasitize within protozoa. It also survives planctonically in water or biofilms. Upon aerosol formation via man-made water systems, L. pneumophila can enter the human lung and cause a severe form of pneumonia, called Legionnaires' disease. The...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Steinert M,Hentschel U,Hacker J

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica usually contain a mutation in gyrA within the region encoding the quinolone resistance determining region of the A subunit of DNA gyrase. These mutations confer substitutions analogous to Escherichia coli Ser83-->Phe and Asp87-->Gly or Tyr, or a novel mutation resulting in Ala11...

journal_title：FEMS microbiology reviews

authors： Piddock LJ

更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00